Refractories are inorganic nonmetallic materials with a refractory degree of not less than 1580 degrees Celsius. Refractivity refers to the temperature at which a conical specimen of refractory resists high temperature without softening the melting down without loading. Refractories are widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, petroleum, mechanical science and technology manufacturing, silicate, power and other industrial fields, the largest amount of metallurgical industry, accounting for 50% to 60% of the total output. Refractories in ancient, medieval and Renaissance times, refractories for blast furnaces, coke ovens and hot blast stoves before and after the Industrial Revolution, new refractories and their manufacturing processes in the late modern period, modern refractories manufacturing technology and major technological advances, and prospects for future development of refractories, refractories and high temperature technology The concomitant appearance originated in the middle of the bronze age. China's Eastern Han Dynasty has used clay refractories as kiln materials and casket for firing porcelain. At the beginning of the 20th century, refractories developed toward high-purity, high-density and ultra-high-temperature products. At the same time, unshaped refractories and refractory fibers with no need for firing and low energy consumption appeared. With the development of atomic energy technology, space technology and new energy technology, refractories with excellent comprehensive properties such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal vibration resistance, erosion resistance have been applied.
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